Batley, Kidd, et al, CSIRO (2022), Assessing the Cumulative Effects of Washwater Discharges from Ships’ Open-Loop Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems on a Receiving Ecosystem (Australian Maritime Safety Administration)

Long-term ecosystem impacts of open-loop EGCS washwater discharges in a harbour port modelled and evaluated, with copper identified as a limiting contaminant. A 3D hydrodynamic and advection-dispersion model was used to evaluate the mixing and accumulation of effluent and contaminants from EGCS discharges over time from ships, using a conservative worst case scenario.